You might e-mail widebertha and ask her to put you in contact with elaine moore i hope that the correct name ; a medical professional who might be of assistance to you.
All the generic manufacturer needs to do is submit data showing that the availability of the drug in the body is similar to that of the originator, for example, fda.
When you are takinga nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is especially important that yourhealth care professional know if you are taking any of the following: alcohol or corticosteroids taken orally cortisone-like medicine ; or corticotropin e, g.
1. Stone J, Itin A, Alon T, et al. Development of retinal vasculature is mediated by hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF ; expression by neuroglia. J Neurosci. 1995; 15: 4738 McLeod DS, Lutty GA, Wajer SD, Flower RW. Visualization of a developing vasculature. Microvasc Res. 1987; 33: 257269. Chan-Ling T, Gock B, Stone J. The effect of oxygen on vasoformative cell division: evidence that "physiological hypoxia" is the stimulus for normal retinal vasculogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995; 36: 12011214. Kenyon BM, Voest EE, Chen CC, Flynn E, Folkman J, D'Amato RJ. A model of angiogenesis in the mouse cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37: 16251632. Asahara T, Takahasi T, Masuda H, et al. VEGF contributes to postnatal neovascularization by mobilizing bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. EMBO J. 1999; 18: 3964 Miller JW, Adamis AP, Shima DT, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor vascular permeability factor is temporally and spatially correlated with ocular angiogenesis in a primate model. J Pathol. 1994; 145: 574 Dorey CK, Aouididi S, Reynaud X, Dvorak HF, Brown LF. Correlation of vascular permeability factor vascular endothelial growth factor with extraretinal neovascularization in the rat. Arch Ophthalmol. 1996; 114: 1210 Donahue ML, Phelps DL, Watkins RH, LoMonaco MB, Horowitz S. Retinal vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF ; mRNA expression is altered in relation to neovascularization in oxygen induced retinopathy. Curr Eye Res. 1996; 15: 175184. Goebeler M, Roth J, Brocker EB, Sorg C, SchulzeOsthoff K. Activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and gene expression in human endothelial cells by the common haptens nickel and cobalt. J Immunol. 1995; 155: 2459 DiazMeco MT, Berra E, Municio MM, et al. A dominant negative protein kinase C zeta subspecies blocks NF-kappa B activation. Mol Cell Biol. 1993; 13: 4770 Anrather J, Csizmadia V, Soares MP, Winkler H. Regulation of NF-kappaB RelA phosphorylation and transcriptional activity by p21 ras ; and protein kinase Czeta in primary endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 1999; 274: 13594 Pal S, Claffey K, Cohen H, Mukhopadhyay D. Activation of Sp1mediated vascular permeability factor vascular endothelial growth factor transcription requires specific interaction with protein kinase C zeta. J Biol Chem. 1998; 273: 2627726280. Wellner M, Maasch C, Kupprion C, Lindschau C, Luft FC, Haller H. The proliferative effect of vascular endothelial growth factor requires protein kinase C-alpha and protein kinase C-zeta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 178 Mhashilkar AM, Biswas DK, LaVecchio J, Pardee AB, Marasco WA. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in vitro by a novel combination of anti-Tat single-chain antibodies and NF-kappa B antagonists. J Virol. 1997; 71: 6486 Biswas DK, Ahlers CM, Dezube BJ, Pardee AB. Pentox9fylline and other protein kinase C inhibitors down-regulate HIV-LTR NF-kappa B induced gene expression. Mol Med. 1994; 1: 31 Amirkhosravi A, Meyer T, Warnes G, et al. P4ntoxifylline inhibits hypoxia-induced upregulation of tumor cell tissue factor and vascular endothelial growth factor. Thromb Haemost. 1998; 80: 598 Hu DE, Fan TP. Protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C prevents cytokine-induced angiogenesis in the rat. Inflammation. 1995; 19: 39 Stoltz RA, Abraham NG, LaniadoSchwartzman M. The role of NF-kappaB in the angiogenic response of coronary microvessel endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996; 93: 28322837.
With output exceeding demand, world cotton stocks rose steadily in the middle of the 1980s, up to 10.3 million tonnes in 1985 and 11.4 million tonnes in 1986. There have then been continued increases in cotton stocks during the late 1990s and early 2000s, with stocks remaining high above 10 million tonnes. The rise in cotton stocks is attributable to excess supply, notably in China and the United States, were government incentives stimulated oversupply and added to the general downward pressure on prices. Cotlook A Indexes declined consistently during this period, with prices falling at 35 US cents lb in August 1986. Prices stood at 59.8 US cents lb on average in 1985 and 48 US cents lb in 1986, compared to 80.9 US cents lb in 1984 and 74.7 US cents lb in 1987 respectively. Following a meagre upward movement in 1987 74.7 US cents lb ; and 1990 82.6 US cents lb ; , the A-Index dropped again in the early 1990s, with major downward shifts occurring in 1992 and 1993. Prices averaged 57.9 US cents lb in 1992-1993. The lowest peak was recorded in November 1992 52.7 US cents lb ; . Several factors contributed to drive cotton prices down, including: 1 ; A rise in cotton production. World cotton production increased from 19 million tonnes in the 1990 91 season to 20.7 million tonnes in 1991 92, at a growth rate of 9% over the period. Production sharply increased mainly due to the huge increase of China, whose production rose from 3.8 million tonnes in 1989 90 to 5.7 million tonnes in 1991 92. 2 ; On the demand side of the ledger, pricing was negatively impacted as cotton consumption declined in the former Soviet Union consumption levels, which stood at 2 million tonnes in 1990, fell to 1.9 million tonnes over the next year and to 1.8 million tonnes in 1992.
Objectives: Establish an aetiological diagnosis of viral infections of the Central Nervous System CNS ; with the determination of the most frequently virus implicated in those infections. It was also our aim to improve the diagnosis efficiency through molecular techniques. Methods: We analysed a total of 31 cerebrospinal fluid samples CSF ; 12 paediatric and 19 non-paediatric ; between September and trental.
Comparison of antipsychotic drug effects on QTc Average change from baseline msec ; of QTc 35.8 20.6 14.5 Range of change msec ; of QTc 22.349.3 4.237.0 1.827.2 -1.121.1 12.221.6 -7.220.0 NA Percent of patients with increase of 60 msec or more of QTc 20 21 11.
Rls is characterized by an urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by or caused by uncomfortable leg sensations and pheniramine, for example, cilostazol and pentoxifylline.
Physiological data on the walking performance is presented in Table 3. The mean exercise heart rate of 175.7 beats per minute was obtained during peak performance before subjects became fatigued. The mean of 41.44 ml m obtained by subjects rated good in VO2 classification of black Americans Cooper, 1997.
Or the actions of the early transducing protein involved in the response . The comparatively selective effect of pentoxifylline may reflect inhibition at a level well removed from the LPS receptor. As one possible interpretation, it might be suggested that pentoxifylline diminishes LPS-induced transcription of the cachectin TNF gene. However, we are reluctant to draw this conclusion since no measurements of transcription have yet been performed . Since dexamethasone and pentoxifylline prevent cachectin TNF synthesis by exercising inhibition at separable points in the LPS signaling pathway, it is not surprising to note that the two agents togetherblock cachectin TNF synthesis more effectively than either alone. This effect is demonstrable in primary macrophage cultures, just as in RAW 264.7 cells, and presumably has a similar molecular basis. It is probable that the biosynthesis of other cytokines is similarly affected by pentoxifylline, alone or in combination with dexamethasone, although we have yet to investigate this issue. It is also possible that the combined use of pentoxifylline and dexamethasone in vivo would attenuate the lethal effect of endotoxin more effectively than either agent administered by itself and progesterone.
Pentoxifylline - for blood clotting * heparin, coumadin , anisidione, oral anti-coagulants drugs that can!
Table 1. Mean trough FEV 1 response L ; , SE standard error and propafenone.
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Magnesium supplementation, vitamin E supplementation, 159 interferon thymomodulin, 146 human recominant growth hormone, 160 L-cartinine, 161 pentoxifylline, 162 immunosuppressants.163 The group concluded however, that the evidence in non-specialist practice was not robust enough to warrant inclusion in the guideline.
23. UK Prospective Diabetes Study UKPDS ; Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes UKPDS 33 ; . Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853. Effects of an angiotensine-converting-enzyme inhibitor ramipril on cardiovascular events in high risk patients. N Eng J Med 2000; 342: 145-153. Mondillo S, Ballo P, Barbati R, et al. Effects of simvastatin on walking performance and symptoms of intermittent claudication in hypercholesteremic patients with peripheral vascular disease. J Med 2003; 114: 359-364. Mohler ER 3rd, Hiatt WR, Creager MA. Cholesterol reduction with atrovastatin improves walking distance in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 2003; 108: 1481-1486. Brendle DC, Joseph LJ, Correti MC, et al. Effects of exercise rehabilitation on endothelial reactivity in older patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Cardiol 2001; 87: 324329. Tisi PV, Shearman CP. The evidence for exercise-induced inflammation in intermittent claudication: Should we encourage patients to stop walking?. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998; 15: 7-17. Gustafsson T, Kraus WE. Exercise-induced angiogenesisrelated growth and transcription factors in skeletal muscle, and their modification in muscle pathology. Front Biosci 2001; 6: D75. 30. Ernst EE, Matrai A. Intermittent claudication, exercise and blood rheology. Circulation 1987; 76: 1110-1114. Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Hargarten MS, et al. Benefit of exercise conditioning for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 1990; 81: 602-609. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324371. 33. Libretti A, Catalano M. Treatment of claudication with dipyridamole and aspirin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1986; 6: 59-60. Randomized, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events CAPRIE ; . Lancet 1996; 348: 1329- Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Hiatt WR, et al. A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. J Med 2000; 109: 523-530. Hood SC, Moher D, Barber GG. Management of intermittent claudication with pentoxifylline: Metaanalysis of randomized control trials. CMAJ 1996; 155: 10531059. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of intermittent claudication; Meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Med 2000; 108: 276-281. Hsia J, Simon JA, Lin F, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in randomized trial of estrogen with progestin in women with coronary heart disease. The heart and estrogen progestin replacement study. Circulation 2000; 102: 2228-2232. Van Rij AM, Solomon C, Packer SG, et al. Chelation therapy for intermittent claudication. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Circulation 1994; 90: 1194-1199. Kleijnen J, Mackerras D. Vitamin E for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; CD000987. 41. Takeshita S, Zheung LP, Brogi E, et al. Therapeutic angiogenesis: A single intra-arterial bolus of vascular endothelial growth factor augments revascularization in a rabbit ischemic hind limb model. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 662670. Rajagopalan S, Mohler ER 3rd, Lederman RJ, et al. Regional angiogenesis with vascular endothelial growth factor in and rythmol.
Antipsychotics are a specific class of medications used to treat psychiatric disorders that are characterized by disorderly thoughts and behaviors. Schizophrenia is the most common condition that falls into this category. Schizophrenia symptoms do not usually appear in children younger than age 13, according to the National Mental Health Association. The first "conventional" antipsychotic was developed in the 1950s. In the late 1990s and 2000s new "atypical, " or second-generation, antipsychotics were introduced. Compared with typical antipsychotic agents, atypical antipsychotics are thought to be less likely to cause side effects, and their use expanded rapidly, for example, sepsis.
Malaria such as cerebral malaria n 18 ; , renal failure requiring hemodialysis n 9 ; , azotemia n 8 ; . jaundice n 25 ; , or hyperparasitemia n 30 ; . The overall severity was comparable in the three groups. Clinical outcome was assessed with respect to the parasite clearance time and the fever clearance time in all patients. In addition, a number of subsidiary outcome variables were examined in specific subgroups, including the recovery time from coma I-or patients with cerebral malaria, the duration of intubation in patients with respiratory distress, the number of hemodialysis treatments needed for patients with acute renal failure, and the number of units of blood administered to patients requiring transfusion. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor were reduced in all three groups at 48 hr, after treatment. No significant differences among the three treatment groups were found for any of the outcome variables examined. We conclude that the addition of pentoxifylline to artesunate therapy for severe malaria produced no evident clinical benefit and pyrazinamide.
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Of 51 patients screened, 12 were not enrolled because the LVEF was 40% after treatment with digoxin, enalapril, and carvedilol. Baseline characteristics of the remaining 39 patients at randomization are shown in Table 1. There were no significant differences between groups. Five patients died during the study period 3 in the placebo group ; . Two patients in the treatment arm moved to remote areas and did not complete the trial. These 7 patients who did not complete the study were not included in the final analysis of changes in LV function and TNF- and Fas levels. There were no significant baseline differences between the groups after these patients had been excluded. All patients received treatment with digoxin 0.25 mg d and enalapril 10 mg BID. The mean dose of furosemide was 154 24 mg d in the pentoxifylline group versus 133 36 mg d in the placebo group, P NS. The mean dose of carvedilol was 42 13 mg in the treatment arm versus 36 16 mg in the placebo group, P NS. A coronary angiogram was performed in 17 patients and revealed normal coronary arteries in all cases. Patient compliance, estimated by pill count, was 92.
Profit from operations EBIT ; . Income Loss ; from associates. Financial income expenses ; . Profit before tax. Income tax. Net profit. Attributable to: Equity holders of the Company. Minority interest. Profit for the period and quetiapine.
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Parameters were assessed by computer analysis, it was argued that the addition of pentoxifylline to normospermic samples increases neither the number of progressively motile sperm nor their progressive velocity; it increases only the curvilinear velocity and the amplitude of lateral head displacement of sperm that are already motile Lewis et al, 1993, 1994 ; . Yet another study using computer analysis found an increase in velocity and vigor when sperm were exposed to pentoxifylline Tournaye et al, 1994 however, the parameter of intrinsic swimming force in sperm after exposure to pentoxifylline has not yet been investigated through measurement. Relative intrinsic sperm forces can be objectively and accurately measured using the optical forces produced within an optical laser trap optical tweezers ; , in which a highly focused laser beam is used to optically confine motile sperm samples. The minimum power of a trapping laser beam at which sperm can escape from the optical field becomes a direct measure of the sperm intrinsic relative escape force Tadir et al, 1989, 1990 ; because the applied optical force is directly proportional to the intrin and seroquel.
Pentoxifylline reduces the viscosity or stickiness of your blood, improving blood circulation.
Updated Information & Services References Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found at: : chestjournal cgi content full 126 5 1705 This article cites 10 articles, 2 of which you can access for free at: : chestjournal cgi content full 126 5 1705#BIBL Information about reproducing this article in parts figures, tables ; or in its entirety can be found online at: : chestjournal misc reprints.shtml Information about ordering reprints can be found online: : chestjournal misc reprints.shtml Receive free email alerts when new articles cite this article sign up in the box at the top right corner of the online article and quinine and pentoxifylline, for instance, pathophysiology.
A frequently-used strategy has been to train a core group of traditional healers, who are then supported in their efforts to educate communities or train their peers. Many people in low- and middle-income countries visit their pharmacist when symptoms of opportunistic infections first appear. But pharmacists' qualifications and training can vary widely. In Cambodia, it is known that many HIV-positive people go directly to pharmacies for drugs. Around four-outof-five Cambodians live in rural areas--far from the two Phnom Penh hospitals that offer HIV AIDS treatment for the nation's AIDS.
1. Hx: Fever, G-I symptoms & Dehydration urine, activity ; , Stool Nature & Frequency BacteriaSpiking fever, cramping abdomen pain, mucus, blood -tingled Stool: , Mucus ; Virus: Mild fever, Vomiting, then Severe watery diarrhea ; 2. PE: Vital signs, Dehydration signs: BW, Ant. Fontanelle, tear, dry lip, urine output Activity sugar K ; , Perforation or Peritoneal signs: q 6 h ff-up 1. Bowel sound: hypoactive or silence, 2. , 3. Diffuse tenderness, 4. Rebounding pain, 5. Board-like abdomen, 6. Irritable crying, 7. Skin purpura 3. Lab 1. S ABacteria : OB + ; , pus cell + ; , Mucus + ; 2. S for Salmonella & Shigella, Campylobactar 3. Stool Rota Ag 4. X-ray ; Plain abdomen or KUB R O perforation or toxic megacolon ; , Suspect perforation: 2X-ray, follow-up q12h 1. KUB: Free air in subdiaphrgmatic areas or ; or liver . 2. L`t decubitus: liver area abnormal gas shadow ; 3. CXR Standing: free air in subdiaphrgmatic areas or ; or liver. 4. Cross-table: free air ; --Late signs 5. Abdominal Echo: toxic Megacolon, abscess ; NPO 4 hrs at least, Chloral hydrate sedation Dr. ; Toxic megacolon, Bowel edema, Ascites, Abscess formation DDx 6. Blood test: CBC DC, B C, CRP, Sugar, Na, K, Cl, BUN, Cre, ABG, Amylase albumin ascites ; , DIC study or others and ff-up q12h if necessary 4. Tx 1. Vital signs: q- 4- 8- h toxic megacolon ; , Unstable: Fluid challenge ; , 2. Diet and I O Record : Virus: NPO 6 , Bac : NPO12hr Then try ; , ; , NPO, Bacteria infection, Rota AGE 3. N-G tube for Severe Abdominal Distension vomiting, Rectal tube Toxic Megacolon ; selectively 4. q-4-8-h Toxic megacolon ; 5. : Primperan IV or IM 0.1mg kg dose ; stat , virus 24 and rebetol.
Over recent months the department has promoted the hmr to both its medical officers and its clients a step which some people predicted could result in increased numbers of hmrs during 2005.
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54 ; once atp is produced, it is normally complexed with magnesium for stable storage.
TABLE 1. Percentages of cells in S phase per day days 3 to 6 ; for each of the three groups of patients and for each vaccine studied before transplantation.
Well, sure. Theres the ndc core description table. The ndc core description table is the next stop in our little tour of whats hot and whats not in the Lexicon. Once youve got the MMDC table figured out, you can dive into this table.look out for the rocks. The core description table, as you have probably guessed, is the focal point for the most important information in Multums databases that is directly related to NDCs, the nitty gritty of drug product information. The ndc additional description table also stores NDC-related material.but the information in it is not necessarily mission critical for most developers. We decided to break our NDC-related information into two tables to keep your queries and our queries snappy, for example, sepsis.
Tion rates, did not exist in an analysis restricted to studies of adequate allocation generation. Thus, we should be wary about relying solely on subjective outcomes when comparing treatment regimens for pneumonia, especially because pharmaceutical companies sponsored most studies and many studies were nonblinded. The similar response of the young and old is somewhat surprising, as an advantage to atypical coverage would be expected in younger people with a higher prevalence of atypical pneumonia. Perhaps this prevalence diminishes in the hospitalized population. The clear advantage of the arm with atypical pathogen coverage in the successful treatment of L pneumophila infections is not surprising, although cases of atypical pneumonia including L pneumophila ; often resolved without such coverage. Coinfections with typical pathogens may explain some of these cases. We had set out to investigate the contribution of coverage of atypical pathogens to empirical treatment of CAP in hospitalized patients. The most suitable study for our purpose would have been one comparing a drug without atypical coverage eg, -lactam ; with a combination of that drug and a drug with atypical coverage eg, -lactam and a macrolide ; . None was found, although the need to add a macrolide to -lactam therapy is a common dilemma manifested within the guidelines themselves. Furthermore, many studies included treatment arms that do not adhere to current guidelines. Therefore, our meta-analysis is chiefly based on comparison of various regimens without coverage of atypical pathogens to monotherapy, mainly quinolone monotherapy. Regarding this comparison, we found no advantage to coverage of atypical pathogens in terms of mortality or clinical success and trental.
SliDe 66 Dronabinol marinol , Unimed ; has been shown to produce a modest benefit in a small study Nelson et al ., 1994; ONDPG, Fall, 2004 ; megestrol acetate megace , Bristol-meyers Squibb and medroxyprogesterone acetate Depo-Provera , Pharmacia and Upjohn, and Prempro , Wyeth ; are also used to stimulate appetite . Reported benefits include an increase in appetite, caloric intake, improved sense of well-being, and improved body weight . high doses are associated with thromboembolic events in both drugs . Corticosteroids have been associated with improved appetite, well-being, caloric intake and performance status . however, there was no increase in weight . Anabolic agents have the potential to maintain or improve lean body mass . These include oxandrolone Oxandrin , Savient ; and fluoxymesterone halotestin , Pharmacia and Upjohn ; . Oxandrolone has not been associated with improved appetite and weight gain . Fluoxymesterone was studied in patients with cachexia . There was a reported modest increase in appetite, but non-fluid weight did not change . Anti-cytokine agents such as pehtoxifylline Trental , Aventis ; do not show any benefit in weight or appetite . melatonin showed weight loss with patients with advanced tumors . hydrazine sulfate showed no benefits over placebo in patients with metastatic colon cancer . Prostaglandin inhibitors ibuprofen ; promotes weight gain and improved survival . metoclopramide, a prokinetic agent, has been reported to decrease anorexia and early satiety when taken before meals and at bedtime.
Control group 1: Fresh mouse sperm Control group 2: Preserved sperm at room temperature for 18 h. Control group 3: Preserved sperm at 37 C incubator ; Control group 4: Preserved sperm at 4C refrigerator for 18 h. Experimental 1: Fresh sperm after treatment with 3 mmol Pentoxiylline Experimental 2: Preserved sperm at room temperature for 18 h and treatment with 3 mmol Pentoxigylline Experimental 3: Preserved sperm at 37 C incubator ; for 18 h and treatment with 3 mmol Penttoxifylline Experimental 4: Preserved sperm at 4C refrigerator ; for 18 h and treatment with 3 mmol Pentoxifylline Statistical analysis Survival after preservation, motility and abnormal morphology rates were analyzed using repeated measure and paired student's test. The results of fertilization and cleavage rates were compared by x analysis. The significant.
Oral agents are usually the last drugs to be added to an asthma treatment program and the first to be removed.
Other observers of the TM movement have sounded a more ominous note. Persinger and colleagues 1980, p. 7 ; agreed with the foregoing critics, concluding that "claims of TM effects are neither unique nor special but are the consequences of procedures associated with suggestion, placebo reactions, simple relaxation, neurotic belief and the mislabeling of vague emotional experiences." These authors then went on to discuss the possible harm that can ensue when dependent or unstable individuals become obsessively involved with meditation to the detriment of their psychological health. The book also documents the kind of psychological and financial manipulation to which these vulnerable seekers are sometimes subjected. In recent years, the TM movement has branched out to open Maharishi theme parks and engage in sales of traditional Ayurvedic medicines. Concerning the latter products, the science writer Andrew Skolnick 1991, 1992 ; exposed how followers of the Maharishi had misrepresented their affiliation with the TM organization in successful attempts to get supposedly objective evaluations of these traditional remedies published by the Journal of the American Medical Association and other prestigious publications. Redressing this gaff, the editors of JAMA published a strongly-worded follow-up article that described Ayurvedic remedies as scientifically unproven and part of a deceptive scheme on the part of the Maharishi's supporters to boost declining enrollments in TM courses. After helping TM try to distance itself from its occult roots, Herbert Benson 1996 ; has returned to the overtly spiritual path in recent years. He now asserts that we are "genetically wired for God" and that prayers for recovery from illness will be answered. Like the earlier claims for TM, he evidence Benson cites for his expanded claims for spiritual contributions to health have been strongly criticised. Tessman and Tessman, for instance, have found Benson's conclusions to be exaggerated and largely unsupported by objective research.
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Jewell SA, Bellomo G, Thor H and Orrenius S 1982 ; Bleb formation in hepatocytes during drug metabolism is caused by disturbances in thiol and calcium ion homeostasis. Science Wash DC ; 217: 12571259. Luthen R, Niederau C and Groendel JH 1995 ; Intrapancreatic zymogen activation and levels of ATP and glutathione during caerulein pancreatitis in rats. J Physiol 268: G592G604. Meister A 1991 ; Gluthatione deficiency produced by inhibition of its synthesis, and its reversal: Applications in research and therapy. Pharmacol Ther 51: 155194. Moncada S 1992 ; Nitric oxide gas: Mediator, modulator, and pathophysiologic entity. J Lab Clin Med 120: 187191. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Ferrell LD, Sukhabote RJ and Grendell JH 1992 ; Glutathione monoethyl ester ameliorates caerulein pancreatitis in the mouse. J Clin Invest 89: 109 116. Pasquier C, Franzini E, Abedinzadeh Z, Kaouadji MN and Hakim J 1991 ; Gamma and pulse radiolysis study of pentoxifylline, a methylxanthine. Int J Radiat Biol 60: 433 447. Patel AG, Toyama MT, Nguyen TN, Cohen GA, Ignarro LJ, Reber HA and Ashley SW 1995 ; Role of nitric oxide in the relationship of pancreatic blood flow and exocrine secretion in cats. Gastroenterology 108: 12151220. Saluja AK, Saito I, Saluja M, Houlihan MJ, Powers RE, Meldolesi J and Steer M 1985 ; In vivo rat pancreatic acinar cell function during supramaximal stimulation with caerulein. J Physiol 249: G702G710. Sandilands D, Jeffrey IJM, Haboubi NY, Maclennam IAM and Braganza JM 1990 ; Abnormal drug metabolism in chronic pancreatitis. Treatment with antioxidants. Gastroenterology 98: 766 772. Satoh A, Shimosegawa T, Abe T, Kikuchi Y, Abe R, Koizumi M and Toyota T 1994 ; Role of nitric oxide in the pancreatic blood flow response to caerulein. Pancreas 9: 574 579. Schandene L, Vandenbussche P, Crusiaux A, Alegre ML, Abramowicz D, Dupont E, Content J and Goldman M 1992 ; Differential effects of pentoxiylline on the production of tumor necrosis factor- TNF- ; and interleukin-6 IL-6 ; by monocyte and T cells. Immunology 76: 30 34. Scheele G and Jakoby R 1982 ; Conformational changes associated with proteolytic processing of presecretory proteins allow glutathione catalyzed formation of native disulfide bonds. J Biol Chem 257: 1227712282. Schoenberg MH, Buchler M and Beger HG 1992 ; The role of oxygen radicals in experimental acute pancreatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 12: 515522. Stenson WF, Lobos E and Wedner HJ 1983 ; Glutathione depletion inhibits amylase release in guinea pig pancreatic acini. J Physiol 244: G273G277. Sugita H, Yamaguchi Y, Ikei S and Ogawa M 1997 ; Effects of propentoxifylline on tumor necrosis factor-alpha and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant production in rats with cerulein-induced pancreatitis and endotoxemia. Pancreas 14: 267275. Sullivan GW, Carper HT, Novick WJ and Mandell GL 1988 ; Inhibition of the inflammatory action of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor ; on neutrophil function by pentoxifylline. Infect Immun 56: 17221729. Sweiry JH and Mann GE 1996 ; Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 31 Suppl 219 ; : 10 15. Sweiry JH, Shibuya I, Asada N, Niwa K, Doolabh K, Habara Y, Kanno T and Mann GE 1999 ; Acute oxidative stress modulates secretion and repetitive Ca 2 spiking in rat exocrine pancreas. Biochim Biophys Acta 1454: 19 30. Tani S, Itoh H, Okabayashi Y, Nakamura T, Fujii M, Fujisawa T, Koide M and Otsuki M 1990 ; New model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced by excessive doses of arginine in rats. Dig Dis Sci 35: 367374. Tietze F 1969 ; Enzymatic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione: Applications to mammal blood and other tissues. Anal Biochem 27: 502522. Toyooka T, Furukawa F, Suzuki T, Saito Y, Takahashi M, Hayashi Y, Uzu S and Imai K 1989 ; Determination of thiols and disulfides in normal rat tissues and hamster pancreas treated with N-nitrosobis 2-oxopropyl ; amine using 4- aminosulfonyl ; -7-fluoro-2, 1, 3-benzoxadiazole and ammonium 7-fluoro-2, 1, 3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonate. Biomed Chromatogr 3: 166 172. Ward A and Clissold SP 1987 ; Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 34: 50 97. Wendel A and Cikryt P 1980 ; The level and half-life of glutathione in human plasma. FEBS Lett 120: 209 211. Wisner J, Green D, Ferrell L and Renner I 1988 ; Evidence for a role of oxygen derived free radicals in the pathogenesis of caerulein induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Gut 29: 15151523.
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